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论述煤炭开采与岩层控制研究中涉及到的不同时间尺度,从全球最早的成煤地质年代到超动态的亚微秒级。包括不同成煤期,世界煤炭开采历史,矿区、矿井的服务年限及开采参数,静态、动态煤岩力学试验,煤岩破碎,围岩变形与破坏及煤矿动力灾害的时间尺度分布。指出煤炭开采与岩层控制研究的时间尺度集中分布在10-7～1016 s,跨23个数量级。在地质年代尺度上,可研究煤的形成、煤盆地演化、煤系地层应力场演化等内容。井工煤矿开采划分成不同矿区、矿井、水平、采区、区段进行,不同阶段的时间尺度不同。煤岩力学试验从蠕变到超动态,时间尺度范围为10-7～109 s。岩石蠕变试验时间有的可达数年,而岩石动态破坏时间有的仅为微秒级。煤岩破碎、采掘空间维护是煤炭开采与岩层控制的两大任务,前者涉及凿岩、爆破、机械截割振动等动态问题,研究时间单位常用秒、毫秒、微秒;后者包括采场与巷道围岩控制。采场是移动场所,围岩变形、破坏、垮落及支架阻力变化较快,常以分、小时为时间单位;巷道服务时间较长,围岩变形与破坏的时效性较强,描述巷道变形与支护体受力变化的时间单位多为天、周及月。冲击地压等煤矿动力灾害持续时间仅为几秒到几十秒,研究冲击地压发生、发展及破坏过程,应从毫秒甚至更小的尺度上进行。不同的煤炭开采与岩层控制问题需要在不同的时间尺度研究。有些问题需要进行多时间尺度研究,才能发现问题的本质。世界煤炭开采已有2 000多年的历史,特别是最近60多年,煤炭开采实现了重大技术革命。但大规模煤炭开采也带来一系列问题,如何继续做好煤炭开采与岩层控制工作,需要新思路、新工艺、新技术。
Abstract：The various temporal scales involving in coal mining and strata control are discussed in this paper,which are from the earliest geological period of the coal formation to the sub-microsecond scale in super dynamic tests. The temporal scale distributions of the various coal formation periods,the world coal mining history,the service life of coal areas and mines and mining parameters,static and dynamic mechanical tests for coal and rocks,coal and rock breakage,rock deformation and damage,and dynamic disasters in underground coal mines are involved. It is pointed out that the temporal scales on coal mining and strata control are in the limits of 10-7～1016 s,stepping across 23 orders of magnitude. On the geological time scale,researches about coal formation,evolution of coal basin and in-situ stress fields in coal measures,and so on,can be conducted. Underground coal mining can be divided into coal areas,mines,levels,panels and working face mining,and the temporal scales in various stages are different. The temporal scales of coal and rock mechanical tests,which are from creep to super dynamic states,lay in the limits of 10-7～109 s. The duration of some rock creep tests can reach several years,while the dynamic damage time of some rocks is just a few microseconds. The two major tasks of coal mining and strata control are rock breakage and maintenance of excavation spaces,the former includes dynamic issues,such as rock drilling,blasting,and mechanical cutting vibration with second,millisecond,and microsecond as common time scales,and the latter involves strata control around working faces and roadways. The working faces are moving sites,rock deformation,damage and collapse around the faces,and the variation of shield resist forces are relatively quick with minute and hour as common time units. The roadway service life is relatively long,rock deformation and damage are time-dependent,and the time units describing rock deformation rates and the variation of support forces are usually day,week and month. The duration of coal mine dynamic disasters,such as rock bursts,is only from several seconds to tens of seconds,the initiation,development and formation of rock bursts should be explored on the scale of a millisecond or lesser. The various problems associated with coal mining and strata control should be solved on different time scales. Some issues should be studied on a multi-timescale to catch the essence. The world coal mining has lasted for more than 2000 years,and achieved great technological revolution especially during the recent more than 60 years. However,extensive coal mining has also brought about a series of issues,the new ideas,methodologies and technologies are necessary to continue to do well on coal mining and strata control.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.20200814.001
中图分类号:TD82
引用信息:
[1]康红普.煤炭开采与岩层控制的时间尺度分析[J],2021,3(01):5-27.DOI:10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.20200814.001.